Reactions By Means Of Electron Excitation.
The Sea Of Energy
In Which The Earth Floats
by
T. Henry Moray
Chapter 8 – Reactions By Means Of Electron Excitation
As I stated in 1914 in connection with the action of Moray Radiant Energy tube values, if two molecules are beyond each other’s molecular range and if the neighboring surfaces can by any means, as by the supply of electricity from without, be oppositely electrified, the forces of cohesion are intensified momentarily by a bonding effect or a polarization, and this force encompasses large molecular distances. The site charges cannot be maintained, but they can be held temporarily by imparting a sudden electric impulse: This is an effective method of promoting chemical cohesion. The electrons in two polarized molecules need not be disturbed to any great extent in order to reach this state of excitation. Ordinary molecular forces can thereby be temporarily pushed into a state of chemical imbalance.
Electrical forces between charges are of the inverse-square type, and the interactions of two charged particles free in space can be easily computed. Coulomb’s Law states that the force between two small charged bodies varies directly as the product of their charges and inversely as the square of the distance between their centers. This force is also affected by the type of medium in which the charged bodies are placed.
Thus 
where p is the permeability of the medium.
As an illustration of the force measured by Coulomb’s Law, consider that we have two small bodies, each charged with one coulomb of like charge of electricity, q1 and q2, and that these bodies are placed in a vacuum at a distance of one meter. The force of repulsion will then be 9.0 x 109 newtons or two billion pounds of repulsive force. Molecules can be made to obey Coulomb’s Law and may be subjected to inter-molecular forces, and these electrical forces between reacting molecules are very large.
Gaseous ions exert small forces on each other at standard pressure and temperature at a distance between their centers of 10-2cm and even as close as 10-5cm. These ions move about randomly as a result of impact with other molecules (Brownian motion), and the forces of impact are much larger than the electrostatic attraction. Only when they are within a certain distance of each other is the coulomb potential energy equal to or exceeding the average of translation.
Thus, 
is equal to or greater than 
where r is the molecular distance.
Inside this molecular distance, the ions are drawn together; outside this sphere of radius r there is an electric field given by the equation, 
Thus, at 10-8cm., X is ~109 Volts/cm, and even at 10-6cm., it is ~1013 Volts/cm. It is apparent that the coulomb force between oppositely charged ions that are within such molecular distances is large. The effect is analogous to the entrapment of a comet when it passes near a planet, the attractive force rendering it a permanent member of the solar system. The stoppage of an ion during an encounter with an oppositely charged ion occurs well within the limits of atomic magnitude (10-8cm), so that the acceleration will be of the order of U/2t . The force needed to stop even a single electron will be 1/10 dyne. The power to stop and neutralize such electrons flying at 1/30 the speed of light inside a molecular thickness can be estimated as follows:
10-27*(109)3*108=108 cm/sec.*
Editor’s note:
*One may ponder what Henry Moray meant by this formula when he discusses the energy per second times the velocity. In the fourth edition of his Sea of Energy book, on page 29 of chapter 2, an error was made in proof-reading, wherein (1) a ‘U” was left off the original energy over time formula and (2) the minus sign in front of the exponential 27 was inadvertently left off, which would give the answer of 108 ergs per second times the velocity. My experience with Henry Moray is that he very often used the abbreviated mathematical procedure, not showing all his steps. I would suspect in proofreading the 4th edition he would have double checked only the final answer for 108 ergs per second. In analyzing the mathematics he used, it is apparent that he developed his hypothesis by first exploring the Brownian movement, then the energy released, due to the capture of an electron, going on into Bohr’s theory along with others, and then culminating with resonant reactions (in this book under chapter 8). It is my conclusion that Dr. Moray is equating the energy released by the atom or matter, as you wish, recognizing the fact that it is not an obscure mathematical condition wherein the atom is being held at a defined point, but in reality that all matter is moving and therefore the energy released is related to the velocity of that moving matter. If one compares this analogy to the stars or even our own universe, then in comparing the earth to an electron, we must realize that the energy released when our earth was captured by our sun must have been tremendous. Moreover, our solar system or sun is moving and the total energy is related to the total velocity of the solar system. If you will refer to the last page, chapter 7 of this edition, you will see that Henry Moray is analyzing mass relationship, and that this energy released is not necessarily the energy of deterioration, but the energy of generation. Henry Moray continues to analyze this into the oscillations of the universe, and oscillations of the electrical system. Take into consideration the modern hypothesis of the Neutrino sea. (See “The Neutrino Sea – Hypothesis or Reality?” Industrial Research, Dec. 1977, p. 51)
Look at the research in chemistry of the discovery of salvated electrons. Both theories show that electrons and neutrinos are continually building up around us. One can then speculate, with the continual movement of everything around us and the building up of energy levels, that JA. Wheeler** and Henry Moray are talking about the same thing. JA. Wheeler explains: that a close look at Einstein’s explanations with regard to the geometry of electromagnetism and the correct connection between electricity and topology, gave rise to the fact that in 1955 and 1957 it was discovered that mass and electricity can be fashioned out of curved empty space. “A closer look at it by Misner in 1956, gave rise to the proposition of electromagnetism as a property of curved, empty space.” Wheeler went on to say.
“Rainich already long before in an almost forgotten paper had shown under what conditions a curvature of space – time can be regarded as due to an electromagnetic field. Einstein’s 1916 theory can be regarded as an already unified-and entirely geometrodynamical – theory of electromagnetism and gravitation.
“Already in 1955 it had been found that out of electromagnetic radiation or gravitational radiation, or any mixture of the two, one can in principle construct a gravitational-electromagnetic entity, or geon. A geon though built of curved empty space and completely free of any so-called real mass, is nevertheless endowed — by reason of its radiation content, with mass of its own.
“A completely geometrical model was found at the same time for electricity, as lines of force trapped in the topology of a multiply connected manifold.
“Due in good measure to the physical insight and mathematical knowledge of Charles Misner, it was possible two years later, in 1957, to trace out the beautiful relations between this topological description of electricity and a central topic in modern mathematics, the theory of homology groups.
“There is not the least direct connection between the geons of classical geometrodynamics and the elementary particles of the real world of quantum physics. Also this theory in its classical version does not constrain the charges with which it deals either to be quantized or to be all of the same complexion – all electric, none magnetic – as observed in nature. These circumstances hardly deprived geometrodynamics of physical interest.
“General relativity was already before 1955 a kind of master theory – the only description of physics to connect gravitation, geometry and the equivalence principle, and the only theory out of which the equation of motion of a mass can be derived as a consequence rather than being fed in as a postulate. Geometrodynamics retains these features and provides in addition a geon model for mass and a topological description for charge. Remote as are both pictures from anything of direct relevance to experiment, they indicate that curved empty space is a building material of previously unsuspected richness.
“It is natural to turn from a physical theory of such scope to still deeper questions. Are all fields and particles constructed out of curved empty space? Does there exist some high and subtle and uniquely right theory of point sets out of which some day can be derived the quantum principle; the approximate validity of four-dimensional Riemannian geometry; the Rainich-Misner equations; neutrinos; and elementary particles? Advances since mid-century give new interest to these questions. Experiments at high energies have brought to light remarkable symmetries between the elementary particles. The discovery of parity non-conservation has revealed a connection between electricity and geometry — between the charge of a nucleon and the right or left handedness of the electron which it emits in a beta process.
“Geometrodynamics is very far from being able to contribute to a discussion of these questions. It has nothing directly to say about meson theory or the origin of nuclear forces. Quantum geometrodynamics speaks if at all to a point closer to the foundations of physics. It advises that any multiple connectedness is a property, not of elementary particles, but of all space. Moreover, everywhere in space, quantum fluctuations in geometry and in electromagnetic fields are calculated to have such high energy density that the extra energy density associated with the presence of an elementary particle is negligible by comparison.”
I am convinced that Henry Moray has verged on an explanation of the generation of energy, and through his “tubes’? (semi-conductive devices mounted in glass under ideal atmospheres), he demonstrated that this energy does exist.
One must realize how frustrated Henry was because of the limitations of his background. Consider for an instant the word limitation of Democritus* in the light of present knowledge when he wrote his explanation of matter 400 years B.C.
“Atoms are infinite in number and infinitely varied in form. They strike together and the lateral motions and whirlings are the beginnings of world’s.
“The varieties of all things depend upon the varieties of their atoms in number, size and aggregation.
“The soul consists of fine, smooth, round atoms like those of fire. These are the most mobile of all. They interpenetrate the body, and in their motions the phenomenon of life arises.”
The reaction of excited atoms or molecules is of importance only under conditions of high electric intensity in view of the short time intervals involved (10-8sec.). Some atoms can, however, have electrons in a metastic state of excitation lasting some 10-4 sec. However, at lower electron densities second impacts can change the phenomena, and such atoms in impact with neutral atoms or molecules of an appropriate sort can lose energy by inelastic impacts causing excitation, ionization or dissociation of the molecules.
In any collision between a charged particle and a neutral molecule, ionization takes place because of the electric force exerted on the planetary electrons in the molecules.
The Bohr Theory of spectral lines indicates that an electron should be able to lose energy to an electron in an atom or molecule as soon as it possesses an energy equal to hv=1/2 mv2, where v is the frequency of the energy radiated, h is the Planck constant. Therefore, we have h = 6.62 x10-27 ergs/sec., where v = frequency, m = mass. When the disturbed electron returns to its orbit or state, it was suspected that the first inelastic impact at increasing energies should correspond to these excitations’ losses, leading to light emission, and not to ionization, the ionization potential being higher. It was found in complete conformity with Bohr’s theory, the first inelastic impacts of electrons with atoms or molecules at lower energies, in general gives rise to the emission of light of the first line of a series of these atoms and that as the electrons’ energies increase, the separate higher lines of appropriate frequency appears as the energy reaches a proper value.
At an appropriate energy of the impacting electron, the atomic or molecular electrons are completely removed from the atoms or molecules leaving behind the positively ionized atomic ions or molecular ions.
When an electron possesses more than an ionizing amount of energy, any superfluous energy which it has after causing ionization is distributed between itself and some electrons removed from the atoms or molecules.
A single electron of appropriately high energy can liberate as many as 4 to 5 electrons at once from an atom as in the outer electrons of mercury. The work on dissociation and the mechanism of ionization in certain gases, such as the rare gases nitrogen and hydrogen, has shown the possibility of the simultaneous excitation and ionization of the same atom by a single electron impact of appropriate energy.
It is found with few exceptions that the larger the diameter of the atoms and the larger the number of external electrons, the smaller the excitation and ionization potential will be.
The probability of resonance and ionization is greatest at the precise ionization or resonance potential and falls off exponentially from that value on, only to rise again as the next potential is reached. In any case, it can be definitely stated that the probable ionization an excitation, calculated on the basis of the electron free path in a given gas, is at its maximum at the ionization or excitation potential; thereafter, the probability drops rapidly to lower values as the a electron velocity increases.
We experimentally found the number of ionizing collisions per meter made by an electron is approximately proportional to the excess of energy of the electron above the ionizing energy, i.e., n = C (E – E1), where E is the actual energy of the electrons, E1 is the ionization potential of the gas, and C is a constant.
The energy an electron must have before it can produce an appreciable amount of ionization is always considerably larger than the ionization potential. The ionization potential determines only the energy at which ionization by collision starts. The greatest amount of ionization occurs when the electron has an energy five to ten times that given by the ionizing potential,
The minimum value of the potential at which definitely inelastic impacts of electrons with atoms or molecules set in and where electrons lose all or a large fraction of their energy at a single impact, is called the critical potential. It was first observed that the conductivity of gas was increased at the critical potential, or first ionization potential; that is, when an electron acquired an energy of equivalent voltage, V0; characteristic of a given gas, it was able on impact to remove an electron from an atom which has an ionization potential of V0. This is expressed in electron volts. The second ionization potential corresponds to the work required to remove a second electron from the atom or molecule when the atom or molecule has already been ionized.
Unless ionization occurs, atoms and molecules can absorb only discrete amounts of energy. This energy has the effect of moving the most loosely held orbital electron or electrons in an atom to some larger orbit. Thus at normal temperature (80 degrees Fahrenheit), the average kinetic energy of the gas molecules corresponds to less than 0.04 e.v.; that is, the fraction of the total number of molecules which has energies greater than that necessary for ionization of the gas is extremely small.
Because the mass of the electron is so very small, the energy it loses in an elastic collision is only a small fraction of its total kinetic energy approximately equal to the ratio of the mass of the electron to the mass of the molecule even when the average energy of the electrons is only 20% or 30% larger than the average energy of the molecules. Thus with a comparatively small electric field, if the electrons can make a sufficient number of collisions the average energy of the electrons can become many times that of the molecules.
If the electric intensity were only 100 volts/meter, the average energy of the electrons in oxygen would be about 4.5 e.v. at 1 mm. Hg. This corresponds to a temperature of 35,000° K. Under conditions such as these the actual kinetic energy of a fairly large fraction of the electrons would thus be larger than the ionization energy of the molecules and ionization could occur owing to the collisions of the electrons with neutral molecules.
The forces acting between an electron and a molecule vary much more than the inverse, square law coulomb. This is represented by the following equation:
This assumes spherical elastic molecules and ions, these attract each other at a distance r with a force f. Thus, an electron can approach very close to a neutral molecule before experiencing any force due to the nuclei and the orbital electrons. If then, the electron has made a series of collisions and its energy or velocity is sufficiently low it can attach itself easily to the neutral molecule to form a negative ion. However, at too low pressures, the electron mean free path is increased and collisions are few thus insufficient to bring about the formation of negative molecular ions.
Electrons of low velocity approaching an ionized atom or atomic ion or molecular ion; must be able to interchange velocities so that while one electron neutralizes the ionized atom, the other electron escapes with the total energy resulting from the process. Another example would be a free, slow moving electron approaching an excited atom, the energy of excitation is given to the slow electron while the excited electron returns to its normal orbit without radiation or to some intermediate orbit with radiation of lower frequency. A classical example for illustration is the irradiation of mercury vapor by the line 2537 A° ; the mercury vapor becomes activated and is then in a metastable state; if these atoms collide with thallium atoms while in this state, a thallium electron will be raised to a higher level so that it emits the green thallium line. The difference between the energy of the 2537 A° line and the low energy thallium line is converted into kinetic energy of the separating mercury and thallium atoms after impact. If the activated mercury atom strikes molecules in the excited state, the energy is converted into the work, a dissociation of these molecules into atoms or molecular hydrogen fragments. If the excited mercury atom collides with an atom of lower ionizing energy, this may remove an electron from the neutral atom ionizing it, and itself returns to the normal state.
Methods of electronic excitation:
A. Processes in the gas itself
1. Rapidly moving electrons and beta particles from radioactive changes
2. Rapidly moving positive charges, protons and alpha particles
3. Rapidly moving positive ions in high electrostatic fields
4. Photoelectric ionization by ulraviolet light, x-ray and other rays beyond the light rays as coming from the cosmos
5. Through chemical reactions in the gas, e.g. oxidation of NONO2., PP2O3,, P2O5, etc.
6. Possibly ionization and excitation of the gas may be caused by temperature alone without action of the walls, or by impact of rapidly moving neutral atoms or molecules from other sources, for example neutralized alpha rays.
B. Processes due to solid or liquid surfaces in contact with gas
1. Bombardmen of metal by fast electrons, alpha particles, positive ions or recoil atoms giving secondary ions
2. Action of metastable atoms on solid surfaces giving secondary ions
3. Action of gamma rays, x-rays and light on solid or liquid surfaces giving electrons photoelectric effect
4. Incandescent metals in general emitting large numbers of electrons called thermo-ionic emissions
5. Incandescent surfaces having salts, phosphates, oxides, chlorides, or complex metal salts of mixed composition, at lower temperatures give positive ions such as sodium ions, potassium ions, barium ions, etc.
6. Chemical reactions at surfaces, oxidation of moist phosphorus, potassium, sodium, give ions of both signs, but more negative ions.
7. The atomizing of liquids into minute droplets by high velocity air currents tangential to the surface causes the smallest droplets to become negatively charged. If water is used which contains ions, the larger droplets have ions in them and are predominately positive. The source of conductivity of the gas is the source of the charges on rain clouds and thunderstorms.
8. Frictional effects between solid particles suspended in gases, as typified in electrons in sandstorms
9. Ionization of a gas can occur when the average energy of the molecules becomes so great that the energy transferred in a collision between two neutral molecules is sufficient to ionize one of them.
10. The collision of free electrons with neutral atoms or molecules — ionization by collision between molecules and electrons in thermal ionization may involve several processes:
a. The electrons may ionize directly in colliding with a neutral molecule.
b. The electron may excite a molecule and the subsequent electron may ionize it.
c. An electron might excite a neutral atom which subsequently in returning to its normal state would give off radiation and cause photo-ionization either in the gas or the walls of the discharge.
11. The electric field is then one of the most important ionization agents.
Anion moving under the influences of the forces of the electric field is given by the following equations: 
, where F is the force, X is the field strength, A is the base area, n is the number of ions per cubic centimeter, a is the charge, and d is the length parallel to the field.
This force acts on each ion between its 109 collisions per second with molecules to give it momentum in the field direction. At each of the 109 impacts, some of this momentum is yielded to the neutral molecules with which the ion collides. As a result, the molecules are set into a motion along X.
When a molecule captures a charge to become a molecular ion, it moves in the electric field according to the following equation:
, where e is the charge, K is the coefficient of viscosity, a is the radius of the particles, A is a constant of 0.874, and L is the mean free path. The distance a molecule moves between impacts is called a free path, the mean free path is dependent on the velocities of the ions.
Now an ion that has fallen through a potential difference of one volt will have a kinetic energy of 1.6 x 1019 joule. That is, qE = 1 x 1.6 x 1019= 1.6 x 1019 joule. According to the equation, qE = 1/2 mv2, we find that the velocity of the particle after falling through a difference in potential of E volts is entirely independent of the length of the path the particle has traversed and also entirely independent of the form or shape of the electric field. The electric field intensity may be distorted in any way we please: That is, it may be at a high at one point, low at another, but still if the total difference in potential is E volts the velocity of the particle will
be:
For example, an electron with the kinetic energy of one electron volt has a velocity of v = 5.93 x 105 M/sec.
A hydrogen ion having a kinetic energy of one electron volt would have a velocity of 10.85 x 103 M/sec., or nearly 6.1 miles per second. Hence the mobility of charged particles, positively charged molecular ions and negatively charged molecular ions or atomic ions in the electric field may be controlled by simply controlling the difference of potential through which the particles are falling. Further. since the molecules are to react with one another. the rate of reaction and the intensity of said reaction may be controlled at will.
A specific case in Which the electric field performs the double function of molecular excitation and the creation of intermolecular and atomic ions is being given by the system used by the inventor.
It is a system utilizing the principles of the wire corona with a concentric cylinder at different pressures. The system is modified in conformity to the concept that chemical reactions must take place when the oppositely charged molecular ions from an appropriate activated catalyst are accelerated against one another in the wire corona. It consists of a cylinder made of a suitable catalyst from which positive atomic ions are emitted. The reactants (gases) streaming through the chamber parallel to the length of the wire attain the polarity of the negative molecular ions by the high electric field close to the wire. As these negative molecular ions are accelerated at the right angles to the wire, in the direction of the electric field toward the positively charged catalyst cylinder, they are met by an avalanche of onrushing atomic ions from the catalyst. A certain amount of reaction takes place in that instant, 10-8 sec. However, some of the negative molecular ions outside the mean free bath of the positive atomic ions are free to rush headlong toward the positive cylindrical field where they are neutralized, and instantly given a positive charge by the avalanche of out rushing. positive ions. These positive molecular ions are accelerated back into the field and collide against the negative molecular ions coming from the direction of the negative electrode corona. This melee continues until the reaction has come to a point where the individual participants are either all gone or the mixture is outside of the electric field: backrush oscillations.
The Moray apparatus combined with other equipment, consists of a combination of specially constructed tubes which we will refer to as valves, “press transmitters,” interceptors and oscillators. The valves are not rectifiers in the sense that they operate as radio valves in changing AC or HF to DC. They have an actual valve action in stopping the “flow” of energy which may be thought of as oscillatory action similar to the waves of the sea, without rectification, from returning to the outer circuit, much as a retaining wall could stop the waves of the sea from returning. The other modalities and “tubes” of the device are equally unique in their performance. Although no new laws of energy are being advanced or claimed as having been discovered, the application in the method of utilization of the energy throughout space is unique in that “generation’; is accomplished by oscillatory utilization rather than by the conventional prime mover. These detector tubes have a synchronized pull with the specially developed oscillators of high faradic capacity and provide a means though which oscillating energy may pass to specially constructed valve oscillators whose relation to the first stage valve is such as to permit oscillations to come in from but not to return to the outer circuit with an automatic variable relation o the oscillations from the universe, and capable of setting up within their circuits initial oscillations which coincide with the oscillations of the universe.
Special provision is provided to stop RE tubes from becoming blocked in their dissipation. of the charges created by the oscillations that continually accumulate based on the oscillatory capacity backrush effect common to capacitors and herein applied in vacuum tubes. This action of these devices has the effect of enlarging and prolonging the time of charge and discharge of the capacitors and-the capacity energy in the circuit an appreciable interval in perfect harmony with the natural energy wave through the interceptor’s valves and oscillators in the circuit which set up in the circuit electrical pulsations corresponding to the energy waves captured by the interpretor and again kept from returning to the second outer circuit by “multi-walled” .valves. The final tubes act as energy pressure transmitters with a means to prevent “shunting” condensation by a special of “getter.” This stops condensation accumulating at the base of the tubes which would block their ionic action.
One must “split” the energy discharge band into lines of variation (call this what you will), lines of energy or lines of light beyond the “light rays.” The oscillations, therefore, do not become simple oscillations but through the action of the universe set up an energy flow which might be referred to as the assertion of inertia. When inertia sets in, the action will. continue because of the oscillations of the cosmos, otherwise one would have a complete dissipation of energy and no oscillations. The oscillations will vibrate during the same period of time regardless of the potential but the rate of vibration of the device depends on the “capacity” of its modalities, i.e. condensers, etc.
Let us go from the known to the unknown. We have referred to a form of ionic action in place of the common electronic liberation accomplished in radio tubes. It is an accepted fact that when various substances are bombarded with alpha particles they are found to give off electrons. This is the principle involved in various vacuum tubes. Thomson gave a similar action of liberation the name of “delta” rays. These delta rays of electrons are thought by some to originate in a type of ionization which results in “thermions,” given off when the alpha particles strike the bombarded substance. It is, therefore, possible that some “particle” from the cosmos, with greater penetrating power than alpha particles, could penetrate quartz or various substances and set up a decided ionic action. Much could possibly learned from a glorified “monochromator.”
Just as sodium, potassium, cesium, rubidium, barium, and strontium react to visible light or wavelengths within a certain range, might not certain other substances react to oscillations from the cosmos or artificially produced radiations?
The universe is analogous to a radio transmitting station. It is continually emitting energy, only of a greater range of wavelengths. Wavelengths and frequencies are truly the answer to all vibrant worlds of living things. The stellar laboratories provide environments as yet unproducible by man, or perhaps only unrecognized. The terms cosmic energy and Radiant Energy (as used by Dr. Moray) can be thought of as synonymous terms referring to frequencies of unknown and undefined limits. Parameters of these arbitrarily named ranges of the spectrum have not been defined so that the terms can be recognized as specific localities in the wavelength scale. Energy must be absorbed to be utilized. Absorption converts energy into heat, chemical energy, mechanical energy, electrical energy and perhaps into forms unknown at the present time. “Vibrant with life” is more than a poetical phrase.
In its simplest form an ion consists of a molecule of air that has either one or more, or one less than the quota of electrons for the electrically neutral molecule. The former is a negatively charged, the latter a positively charged ion. Positive ions are attracted toward negatively charged bodies while negative ions drift away from them. This process goes on, and the medium loses its electrical charge at a rate that is proportional to the abundance of ions and to the velocity at which the ions move towards the attracting medium. The velocity is less or greater if the ion is not the simple type but consists of a variable aggregate of molecules. Much could be written on this but the above should suffice for the present purpose. Let us go on from and not stop at the ultraviolet light theory of Aurora.
In some electronic tubes the electrons are not emitted directly from the filament but from an indirect cathode which does not enter into the direct electrical function of the tube: Does’t is teach us anything about an indirect generation of ions and ionic action? Could the opposite deflection of alpha and beta rays and the undeflected course of the gamma rays teach us anything about cosmic energy or Radiant Energy valves and oscillators?
The more perfect the ionic action the greater the collecting voltage,) the greater’ the ionic gain of energy will be between collisions and the greater the amount of kinetic energy conserved. The collision will be “perfectly resilient.”
The little we snow a out “space” and what it contains, or may contain, is so limited that we are forced to acknowledge that anything is possible beyond our experience. The actual proportion of matter to space contained in the celestial bodies is a very small part of the whole. There may be many pervading energies or matter that are more important than those we have detected. The very fact that we have heretofore been unable to detect them may make them all the more important in the cycles of our life and the things we know.
There is a multiplicity of phenomena which occurs at the same time in gas conduction; the known laws are largely empirical and approximate. Ohm’s Law is valid in only a few limited cases, conductivity changes markedly with the variety of gas and the gas pressure. In the detector and intercepter circuits it becomes more important to maintain oscillatory action than frequency stability.
The relationship and combination of natural vibration and forced vibration is particularly important. It must be remembered that a point of resonance will be reached at some frequency, and the charge will reach a magnitude which depends upon the impressed force which is, in the case of the universe, immense. This is he effect of pure resonance.
Up to this point, science has been unable to produce pure resonance, but science is the accomplishment of that which was once thought to be unattainable. Science also, at one time, said it was impossible to transmit the human voice over a copper wire. The results are obtained through effort. Science also said it was impossible for a heavier-than-air device to fly.
Resonance has been obtained where a return wire in an electric circuit is not necessary Pure resonance offers many dangers to the inexperienced investigator. The walls of Jericho are an example of the power of pure mechanical resonance. The most commonly known example of this phenomenon is the breaking of a glass by the power of the human voice. Marching feet, running dogs, and some harmonics set up vibrations which are dangerous for bridges and other mechanical structures: Every substance has a natural mechanical vibratory resonance and a point of dissociation. This is also true in electrical or energy resonance.
The theory is that in perfect resonance the oscillations will become more and more vigorous until the vibration or oscillation will go on forever if properly “fed”, or the dissociation of the matter will result. However, while this will be true in theory, it is only partly true. In fact , if one could obtain resonance with the universe with its multiplicity of vibrations which correspond to the natural vibration and pure resonance of the different substances (each substance has a different pure sonic, pure vibration, pure resonance) buildings might be made to fall, glass to break, matter to explode. The writer has, as Tesla did, come very close to pure resonance with some substances, but achieving resonance with one substance is not g n resonance with all substances. If we could find the proper mechanical or energy resonance of certain kinds of matter, the constructive results would far outweigh the destructive. Gasoline and fire each have their place which must be honored and feared as well as appreciated. Mankind already possesses the technology and the capability to totally destroy the earth, and even though the control of pure resonance would add to this capability, it would contribute immeasurably to the good of mankind.
Put together in pure energy resonance certain energy responding apparatus which synchronize with the resonance of certain vibrations of the universe, and what do you have? Useable energy from the universe. This energy may come to the planets as oscillations similar to the oscillations and tides of the sea. The RE tubes received this energy in surges which may last only a few microseconds but the pressure and the current in those surges are so strong that sufficient energy is delivered to the equipment in resonance to be useable in multiples of flashes and in a magnitude which competes with the light of day. Remember resonance and pressure can do a lot to amplify energy. Also remember that the vibrations going out from the sources in the universe must also return to their sources. Nothing is lost. There is only a lowering of potential like water over the wheel.
The RE tubes present no new laws of physics. They simply expand the application of known laws thereby obtaining results not at first deemed possible. This is the history of science. RE tubes possess greater ability to obtain “saturation” and thus charge the accompanying capacitor or condensers at a more steady rate. When a certain voltage is reached, ionization occurs in the gases of the discharges tube and causes the condensers of the valve circuit to discharge into other condensers of the valve circuit to discharge into other condensers of the oscillators and the other modalities of the circuit.
When ionization in a preceding tubes is no longer possible because of the reduced voltage, the process starts all over again. The first valve passes vibrations of energy into an oscillatory circuit; ionization sets in; a discharge occurs, and energy passes through another valve into other oscillators. The process is repeated from the first stage, on to the second stage, on to the third and so on, much like a bucket brigade. That is why I asked years ago, “Cannot a steady flow of water be obtained from the waves of the sea or energy from the vibrations of the cosmos?”
Many phenomena, especially those occurring in certain frequencies, are still unexplained and there are numerous places where the classic theory an observed facts do not agree.
When a vibration of any kind strikes a boundary between two media of different vibratory impedances at an angle of less than 90 degrees, a transformation of the vibratory rate may be changed into another vibratory rate. The RE device therefore will continue to capture energy by resonance, or call it what you will, as long as the “keep alive” vibration of the cosmos continues to oscillate the various stages of valves and oscillators in the circuit. Simple, is it not? Just a case of the trapping of energy which is everywhere present in the primary circuit and causing it to oscillate through the secondary circuits through a blocked circuit of no return.
Our experiments have proved that there is an energy which exists in the universe which, by proper development of equipment, can be made available for commercial use.
One may say all energy comes from the sun. Can one prove the sun is the foundation of all energy? Or is the sun re-transmitter of energy? That light is an electrical phenomenon has been amply proved. The atoms in those distant stellar crucibles have moving electrons which are emitting electromagnetic waves of many lengths and many frequencies, which can be tuned to certain ranges of wavelengths. Our eyes and other senses respond to some of these frequencies, but there are many beyond those which we loosely term light. The photographic plate records some of these and also invisible radiations of shorter wavelengths or higher frequencies known as ultraviolet radiations. There are radiations measured by their heating effect which possess longer wavelengths or lower frequencies which we call infrared radiations. There are electromagnetic radiations of shorter wavelengths. These are generally known as roentgen rays. There are rays of still shorter wavelengths. These are of unlimited power, born and put into locomotion from the very source or foundation of energy. What is a man to do with such a picture of the universe other than let his interest and admiration grow? But will we ever get to the final foundation? Anything is possible beyond our experiences. And as Tennyson said:
“One God, one law, one element And one far-off divine event To which the whole creation moves.”
Energy is vibration. Matter is a vibrating medium. All substances are really combinations of one primordial substance, i.e., vibrations. Electrons in motion constitute an electric current. What electricity is to matter, so is electric force to common mechanical force and electrical inertia to mechanical inertia. By inertia, we mean the ratio of force to acceleration.
Here on earth we have many receiving stations which are tuned to certain ranges of wavelengths.
Energy was defined in 1892* as a condition of matter, in virtue of which, any definite portion may effect changes in any other definite portion. Later discoveries have since confirmed this. Energy then, is a state of matter, or rather, the result of a particular state or condition in which matter may be, when any observed phase of energy appears.
Cosmic rays or cosmic vibrations and matter may appear to consist of entirely different things, but the fact is, these two subjects are actually joined together. Those highly penetrating rays which we call cosmic rays originate somewhere in the remote spaces of the universe and bombard our earth with continuous vigor, day and night, year after year.
We must not think of cosmic rays, infrared rays, ultraviolet, x-ray, gamma or any other ray or particles as simple in character. None of them in any sense of the word consists of a simple frequency of ray. Ultraviolet rays, x-rays, gamma rays and so on all consist of various wavelengths of frequencies. That is, all ultraviolet rays are not of the same frequency, and all x-rays are not of the same frequency. All are exceedingly complex in their make-up. This complexity is what has given them such an important place in the study of the physical sciences.
The great study of matter and cosmic rays, so closely tied together, will open up greater and greater fields of science for the practical good of the human race.
Experiments have also satisfied us that gravity is akin to an “electrical” oscillation, so well balanced that we might, for the lack of a better name, almost call it a “watt-less energy” until some force is exerted to oppose its potential, and then gravity opposes this force. This means gravity can be controlled and unlimited advancement made in air navigation.
Matter is capable of dissociation fitted to lead it into forms in which it loses all its material qualities. Among the most important dissociations Dr. Gustave LeBon noted in the 1890’s is the emission by all matter of particles endowed with immense speed, capable of making the air a conductor of electricity, of passing through obstacles, and of being thrown out of their course by a magnetic field. None of the forces then known were able to produce such effects, particularly the emission of particles with speeds approaching or equal to that of light; it was evident that science then found itself in the presence of absolutely inexplicable facts. Several theories were put forth in explanation of them. One only — that of the dissociation of atoms, which Dr. Lebon advanced at the commencement of these researches — has resisted all criticism and on this account has now been almost universally adopted.
It is nearly seventy years since Dr. LeBon proved by experiment that the phenomena observed in substances termed radioactive — such as uranium — could be observed in all substances in nature, and could only be explained by the dissociation of their atoms.
The action of light on any substance, a lighted lamp, chemical reactions of very different kinds, an electric discharge, etc., causes these effluxes to appear. Substances termed radio-active such as uranium or radium simply present in a high degree phenomena which all matter possesses to some extent. When Dr. LeBon formulated for the first time this generalization, though it was supported by very precise experiments, it attracted little attention. In the whole world one physicist, the learned Prof. deHeen* alone grasped its importance and adopted it after having verified its perfect correctness. But the experiments being too convincing to permit of long challenge, the doctrine of the universal dissociation of matter at last triumphed. The atmosphere was then cleared, and physicists no longer denied that this dissociation of matter — this radioactivity as it is now called — is a universal phenomenon widely spread throughout the universe, and, as Prof J.J. Thomson demonstrated, exists in most substances — water, sand, granite, clay, bricks, etc.
What becomes of matter when it dissociates? Can it be supposed that when atoms dissociate they only divide into smaller parts and thus form a simple dust of atoms? We shall see that nothing of the sort takes place, and that matter which dissociates de-materializes itself by passing through successive phases which gradually deprive it of its material qualities until it finally returns to the rate of vibrations whence it seems to have issued as energy.
When the fact is once recognized that atoms can dissociate and reappear as energy and then pass from energy back to matter, then the question arises where they obtain the immense quantity of energy necessary to launch into space as particles possessing a speed equal to the speed of light or greater.
The explanation in reality is simple enough, since it is verified that far from being an inert thing only capable of giving up the energy artificially supplied to it, matter is an enormous reservoir of energy, intra-cosmic energy.
Such a doctrine assails too many accepted fundamental scientific principles to be at once admitted. Accustomed to regard the rights and rigid principles of thermodynamics as absolute truths, and persuaded that an isolated material system could possess no other energy than that supplied from without, a majority of physicists long persisted in seeking outside of it the sources of the energy manifested during the dissociation (not disintegration) of matter.
The reality of this form of energy is proven by experimental facts. Cosmic energy is the most powerful of known forces and is the origin of most others, including intra-atomic energy.
Matter, formerly regarded as inert and only able to give back the energy originally supplied to it, is, on the other hand, a colossal reservoir of energy, intra-atomic and intra-cosmic energy, which can be expended without borrowing anything from without.
It is from the intrasonic energy manifested during the dissociation of matter that most of the forces in the universe are derived, notably electricity and solar heat.
Force and matter are two different forms of one and the same thing. Matter represents a stable form of intra-atomic energy; heat, light, electricity, etc., represent unstable forms of it (cosmic energy).
In the dissociation of atoms, the stable form of energy termed matter is simply changed into those unstable forms known by the names of electricity, light, heat, etc.
For the examination of these several propositions let us, as a basis of presentation, take them as proven, and seek at once the changes they bring about in a general conception of the mechanism of the universe.
The problem of the nature of matter and of force is one of those which has most exercised the sagacity of scientists. Its complete solution has escaped us because it really implies knowledge, still inaccessible, of the first cause of things. Scientific theories heretofore set forth have not allowed us to completely solve this great question. They lead, however, to a conception of matter and energy far different from that commonly in use at the present day. Cosmic energy will lead to some serious revision of current theory.
We can arrive at the conclusion that matter is an immense reservoir of energy solely constituted by a system of vibrating atoms maintained in equilibrium by the rotations, attractions and repulsions of matter’s component parts. The material properties of bodies such as weight, form, and apparent permanence arise from this equilibrium. Matter also represents movement, but the movements of its component elements are confined within a very restricted space. This conception leads us to view matter as a variety of energy. To the known forms of energy — heat and light — there must be added another: energy from the cosmos which embraces but surpasses intra-atomic energy. This cosmic energy is characterized by its colossal greatness and its unlimited accumulation within everything in the universe.
It follows from the preceding statements that by postulating the dissociation of matter one is simply adding to the variety of energy which fills all space in different forms. For example, we call two forms of energy electricity and light, but in reality they are radiations or forms of vibrations.
We will endeavor to give an account of the forms under which this energy of the universe may be condensed within the atom and the cosmos, but the existence of the fact itself has a far greater importance than the theories of simple atomic energy it gives rise to. Without pretending to give the definition of energy so vainly sought for, we will content ourselves with stating that all phenomenality is nothing but a transformation of equilibrium. When the transformations of equilibrium are rapid, we call them electricity, heat, light, all forms of vibration. When the changes of equilibrium are slower, we call them matter. To go beyond this we must wander into the region of hypothesis and admit that the elements of the aggregate are represented by forces in equilibrium and are constituted by vortices formed in the midst of the universe. These vortices possess an individuality, supposed by some to be ephemeral but proved by the evolution of matter and energy to be eternal. The individuality disappears and the vortex dissolves as soon as the forces which maintain their existence cease to act; but others form elsewhere, i.e., eternal creation, eternal evolution, eternal energy and matter.
The equilibriums of these elements of which the aggregate constitutes an atom, may be compared to those which keep the planets in their orbits. As soon as they are disturbed, considerable energies manifest themselves, as they would were the earth or any other planet to be jolted in its course.
Such disturbances in planetary systems may be realized as they are in very radioactive bodies when, for diverse reasons, they have reached a certain degree of instability, or artificiality. This also occurs in ordinary bodies when brought under the influence of various excitants.
These excitants act in such cases like the detonator of an explosive; they free quantities of energy greatly in excess of the very slight cause of their liberation. And, as the energy condensed in the universe is immense, an extremely slight loss in matter results in the creation of an enormous quantity of energy.
From this standpoint, we may say of the various forms of energy such as heat, electricity, and light that all vibrations represent the last stages of matter before it returns into the cosmos from whence it came.
If, extending these ideas, we wish to apply them to the differences presented by the various simple bodies studied, we should say that one simple body only differs from another in rate of vibration. If we could deprive any element of a sufficient quantity of the energy it contains, we should succeed in completely transforming it.
As to the necessarily hypothetical origin of the energies condensed within the atom, we will seek for it in a phenomenon analogous to that invoked by astronomers to explain the formation of the sun and the energies it stores. To their minds this formation is the necessary consequence of the condensation of the primitive nebula. If this theory is valid for the solar system, an analogous explanation is equally so for all matter.
Such a theory clears away the classical duality of matter and energy. They thus become aspects of the same thing. There is no separation between matter and energy, since matter is nothing more than a stable form of energy, continually changing from one to the other in the cosmos.
We can only understand things by fitting them into the common frame of our thoughts. The essence of energy being unknown, we are compelled to materialize it in order to reason a out it. We thus arrive — but only for the purposes of demonstration — at the following definitions: Energy and matter represent entities of the same order; the various forms of energy — electricity, heat, light — are manifestations of matter in action and only differ in the nature and the stability of the equilibrium formed in the heart of the cosmos. It is through these manifestations that the universe is known to us.
The illustrious Faraday endeavored to clear away the duality existing between matter and energy. Others made the same attempt by pointing out that matter is only brought home to us by the intermediary of forces acting on our senses. But all arguments of this order were considered as having a purely metaphysical bearing. In Faraday’s time it was argued that it had not been possible to transform matter into energy, and that this matter was necessary to animate the former. Scientific principles, considered assured, taught that nature, as a kind of inert reservoir, could create the liquid it holds. Everything seemed then to point out that nature and energy were irreducible things as independent of each other as weight is of color. It was therefore not without reason that they were taken as belonging to different worlds.
The transformation of matter into energy now having been demonstrated, it follows without question that energy can be transformed into matter.
The facts summed up in the preceding pages show that matter, in a set form, is not eternal, but as a rate of vibration or energy it is eternal; that it constitutes an enormous reservoir of vibrations; that it disappears by transforming itself into other forms of energy or matter before returning to its source. That it is, in reality, just another cycle in the process of creation.
It can therefore be said that if matter cannot be created, it cannot be destroyed; returning to its source, it begins a cycle again. The elements of a substance which is burned or annihilated by any other means are transformed by a change of vibration. They may lose every quality of matter- including the most fundamental of them all, weight – but that loss only shows that gravity lost its power over the elements because of a change in their vibration. The theoretical importance of these principles is considerable and self-evident.
It is easy to deprive matter of all its attributes, save one. Solidity, shape, color, chemical properties may disappear, but there remains a rate of vibration. The hardest body can be transformed into an invisible vapor. But, in spite of every one of these changes, the mass of the body, as measured by its weight, remains invariable, and by changing or restoring rates of vibration this mass can be made to reappear. Thus the one fixed point in the mobile ocean of phenomena is vibration. It enables the chemist, as well as the physicist, to follow matter through its perpetual transformations, and this is why matter remains something mobile and eternal.
The importance of permanence and the indestructibility of vibration which one recognizes throughout the changes in matter are the only characteristics by which this great concept can be grasped, and they necessarily become preponderant.
Discovery is rarely spontaneous; it only appears so because the difficulties and hesitations which most often surround its inception are generally unnoticed. The public troubles itself very little with the way in which inventions are made, but psychologists should certainly be interested in certain aspects of the problems of inventions. In fact, they will find therein valuable documents on the part played, even in laboratories, by suggestions and illusions, and finally on the preponderant influence of prestige which is a principal element of demonstration and much of the time supplants facts.
The researches detailed in this work tend to shake fundamental dogmas which are the bases of modern science. If the principle of the conservation of energy – which is simply a bold generalization of experiments made in very simple cases – likewise succumbs to the blows which are already attacking it, we must arrive at the conclusion that nothing in the world is eternal in a set form, but all is subject to change of rate of vibration. The great divinities of science could also be condemned to submit to that invariable cycle which rules all things.
On the ruins of former doctrines and after centuries or persistent effort, there sprang up two sovereign powers which seemed eternal – matter as the fundamental woof of things and energy to animate it. With the equations connecting them, modern science thought it could explain all phenomena. In its learned formulas all the secrets of the universe were enclosed. The divinities of old were replaced by ingenious systems of differential equations.
The discovery of the dissociation of matter by radiation has allowed us to penetrate into an unknown world ruled by new forces, where matter, losing its properties as we have known it, becomes a form which passes without difficulty through obstacles and possesses a whole series of unforeseen properties, the far-reaching effect of which we have yet to learn.
The discovery of the universal dissociation of matter is linked to that of intra-atomic energy and energy of the cosmos, by which science has succeeded in explaining some radioactive phenomena. The origin of intra-atomic energy is not difficult to elucidate if one supposes, as do the astronomers, that the condensation of our nebula suffices by itself to explain the constitution of our solar system. It is conceivable that an analogous condensation of the cosmos may have begotten the energies contained in the atom. The latter may be roughly compared to a sphere in which a non-liquifiable gas was compressed to the degree of thousands of atmospheres at the beginning of the world.
The reason this force (the most widespread and the mightiest of all those of nature) has remained so long unrecognized is that man lacked the reagents necessary for the proof of its existence. The atomic theory and edifice erected by science were so stable, so solidly fixed in our minds, that its dissociation and connection with the cosmos seemed extremely unlikely. Had it been otherwise, the world would long ago have utilized cosmic energy.*
The generality of the phenomenon of the dissociation of matter would have been noticed much sooner if a number of known facts had been closely examined. This is also true of the law of oscillations by vibrations of the universe. These facts were spread over very different chapters of physics. For example, the loss of an electric charge occasioned by ultraviolet light has long been known but not the thought connecting this fact with a cathode ray. More than 75 years ago Niepe de Sant-Victor saw that dark salts of uranium caused photographic impressions after several month’s exposure, but as this phenomenon did not seem to be connected with any known fact, it was put to one side as the oscillations of the cosmos are now. For hundreds of years the gases of the oscillations or vibrations of the universe have gone unappreciated. The common link which connects them appeared clearly when we established that the dissociation of matter and the forms of energy which result from it are to-be ranked among the most widely spread natural phenomena. Flames had been observed to discharge electrified bodies without anyone determining the exact cause of. this phenomenon. The loss of electric charges through the influence of light had been known for many years, but it was regarded as a fact peculiar to a few metals with no suspicion of how general and important this law was.
All these phenomena and many others, such as electricity and solar heat, are very dissimilar in appearance, but are the consequences of the same process; the dissociation of matter.
But how is it that a demonstration so simple as that of the existence of cosmic Radiant Energy has not been made since the discovery of radioactivity, especially since the demonstration of the generality of radioactivity? This can only be explained by bearing in mind that it was contrary to all accepted principles that either matter or the energy of the universe could by itself produce energy. Scientific dogmas inspire the same superstitious fear and respect as did the gods of old, though at times they have been gods that failed.
The existence of condensation of energy within the atoms of the universe at first seemed to annoy us because it was outside the range of things formerly taught by experience. However, even leaving aside the facts revealed by radioactivity, it should be remarked that analogous concentrations are observable daily. Is it not strikingly evident, in fact, that enormous accumulations of electricity must exist in all substances of the universe if, by the electrolysis of water, it is found that one gramme of hydrogen possesses an electric charge of 96,000 coulombs? This suggests the degree of condensation in which electricity existed before its liberation in all the universe. Elementary treatises have long since pointed out that barely a twentieth part of the above quantity would suffice to charge a globe the size of the earth to a potential of many thousand volts. The best static machines of our laboratories hardly give forth 1/10,000 of, coulomb per second. Consequently, they would have to work without pause for more than thirty years to produce the quantity of electricity contained within the atoms of one gramme of hydrogen.
As electricity exists in a state of considerable concentration in all matter, it is evident that the atoms of the universe should have been regarded many years ago as a veritable capacitor of energy. We should have recognized that the quantity of this energy must be enormous; it was only necessary to appreciate the magnitude of the attractions and repulsions which are produced by electric charges before us. It is curious to note that several physicists years ago touched the fringe of this question without perceiving its consequences. For example, Cornu* pointed out that if it were possible to concentrate a charge of one coulomb on a very small sphere, and bring it within one centimeter on another sphere having a like charge of one coulomb, the repulsive force created would equal 9^18 dynes, or about 9 billion kilogrammes.
What about the stars and planets of the universe? We have said that by the dissociation of water we can obtain from one gramme of hydrogen an electric charge of 96,000 coulombs. This energy would be enough (and this is exactly the hypothesis enunciated by J.J. Thomson) to dispose the electric particles at suitable distances within the universe to obtain through their attractions, repulsions, and rotations, extremely powerful energies in an extremely small space. The difficulty is not, therefore, in conceiving that a great deal of energy could remain within any atom (not just a radioactive one), but that nature is supplying us from the universe useable energy if we but reach out to harness it. It is surprising that a notion so evident was not recognized long ago.
Calculations of radioactive energy has been made within those limits of speed at which experiments show that the inertia of matter does not greatly vary.
Science formerly established a complete separation between matter and energy. The classic ideas on this decision are shown in the following passage of a work by Prof Janet:
“The world we live in was thought, in reality, a double world; or rather it was composed of two distinct worlds — one the world of matter, the other the world of energy. Copper, ion, and coal are forms of matter, mechanical labor and heat are formes of energy. These two worlds are each ruled by one and the same law. Matter can neither be created nor destroyed. Energy can neither be created nor destroyed, therefore we can rightly observe that as energy and matter are one in different stages, we have but one world in the evolution of matter and energy.
“Matter and energy can assume various forms without matter transforming itself into energy or energy into matter — we can no more conceive energy without matter than we can conceive matter without energy.
“‘It is utterly impossible,’ Lord Kelvin wrote, ‘that the heat produced can proceed from the stored energy of radium. It therefore seems to me absolutely certain that if the emission of heat continues at the same rate, this heat must be supplied from outside.'”*
Lord Kelvin fell back on the commonplace hypothesis formed at the outset on the origin of the energy of radioactive bodies, which was attributable, it was then believed, to some mysterious force from the ambient medium. The supposition that matter was entirely unable to create energy and could only give back what had been supplied to it had no experimental support. The fundamental principles of thermodynamics which Lord Kelvin had helped so much to found, tell us, in fact, that a material system isolated from all external action cannot spontaneously generate energy. Experiment is superior to theory, and when once it has spoken those scientific laws which appeared to be the most stable will be condemned to join in oblivion the used-up, worn-out dogmas and doctrines of the past.
Even in this so-called atomic and space age, it would be desirable to have a theory to explain the observed facts and to enable science to know whether the energy is borrowed from the atom itself or from external sources from the universe.
Many physicists, like Lord Kelvin, held to the end the old principles; that is why the phenomena of radioactivity, especially the spontaneous emission of particles animated with great speed and the rise in temperature during radioactivity, seemed to them utterly inexplicable and constituted a scientific enigma, as M. Mascart said. The enigma, however, is simply explained now. Today, there is another enigma in the use of cosmic power for commercial purposes.
One can hope, however, that ideas so opposed to classical dogmas as oscillatory cosmic energy and the transformation of matter into energy and energy into matter will soon be widely accepted.
The fact is that the scientific ideas which rule the minds of men at various epochs have all the solidity of religious dogmas. Very slow to be established, they are very slow likewise to disappear. New scientific truths, although they have experience and reason as a basis, are only propagated by prestige; that is, when they are enunciated by those whose official position gives them prestige in the eyes of the scientific world. Truths of such great importance as Ohm’s Law, which governs the whole of electricity, and the law of the conservation of energy, which governs all physics, were first received with indifference or contempt and remained without effect until the day when they were enunciated anew by individuals endowed with authority. Now we limit the conservation of energy without fully understanding what truths it embraces.
It is only by studying the history of sciences that one succeeds in understanding the genesis of beliefs and the laws governing their diffusion. We have just mentioned two discoveries which were among the most important of the 19th century, and which are now summarized in the laws. One can say that they should immediately have appealed to all minds because of their marvelous simplicity and their imposing grandeur. Now tradition so fences them in that we fail to see their magnitude. Not only did they strike no one when they emerged, but the most eminent scientists of that time did not concern themselves with them except to try and cover them with ridicule. Are we different today?
That the simple enunciation of such doctrines appealed to so few shows with what difficulty a new idea is accepted when it does not fit in with contemporary dogmas. Prestige, we repeat, and to a slight extent experience, are the ordinary foundations of our convictions – scientific and otherwise. Even the most convincing experiments have never constituted an immediately demonstrable foundation when they have clashed with long established accepted ideas. We hate to discard the comfortable old dogmas even when they don’t fit the new evidence. Galileo learned this when, having brought together all the philosophers of the celebrated University of Pisa, he sought to prove to them by experiment that, contrary to the accepted ideas, bodies of different weights fall with the same velocity. Galileo’s demonstration was assuredly conclusive: letting a small leaden ball and a cannon shot of the same metal fall at the same moment from the top of a tower, he showed that both bodies reached the ground together. The professors contented themselves with appealing to the authority of Aristotle and would not change or modify their opinions. For years it has been the same with RE demonstrations, especially among those who never saw the device. Galileo lived a long time ago, but the degree of receptivity of minds for new things has not ostensibly increased.
When Ohm discovered the law which immortalized his name and on which the whole science of electrical measurement rests, he published it in a book filled with experiments so simple and so conclusive that they might have been understood by any child in elementary school. Not only did he fail to convince anyone, but the most influential scholars of his time treated him in such a way that he lost the position he occupied as a college professor, and, to avoid dying of starvation, was only too glad to take a situation in a college at 1200 francs per annum, where he remained for 6 years. Justice was rendered to him only at the close of his life. Robert Mayer, less fortunate, did not even obtain this belated satisfaction. When he discovered the most important of modern scientific laws — namely, that of all the examples of the conservation of energy, the vibration of the universe is the greatest example — he had great difficulty in finding a publisher who would consent to publish his findings; no scholar bestowed the least attention upon his pronouncement, no more in fact that on his subsequent publications, among which was the one on the mechanical equivalent of heat, published in 1850. After attempting suicide, Mayer went out of his mind, and remained for a long time after his death unknown, to such a degree that when Helmholtz re-made the same discovery, he was not aware of the work of Mayer. Helmholtz himself did not meet with any greater encouragement to begin with, and the most important of the scientific journals of that day, The Annals Do Poggendorff, declined to print his celebrated memoir, “The Conservation of Energy,” regarding it as d fanciful speculation unworthy of the attention of serious readers.
Although matter was formerly considered inert and only capable of preserving and restoring the energy which had first been given to it, it was necessarily established that there existed within it forces (sometimes in considerable amounts) such as cohesion, which forces were independent of all external agents. Other forces, such as radiant heat and electricity, which also issued from matter, might be considered simple restitutions of an energy borrowed from the cosmos.
If that cohesion which makes a rigid block out of the dust of atoms, or if that affinity which creates chemical combinations, or if those osmotic attractions and repulsions which hold in dependency the most important phenomena of life, are visibly forces inherent to matter itself, then with the old ideas it was impossible to determine the source of this energy. The origin of these forces ceases to be mysterious when it is known that the cosmos is a colossal reservoir of energy that fills all space. Observation has long ago shown that any form of energy lends itself to a large number of transformations, and we can conceive how energy from the cosmos may be the source of all the molecular forces — cohesion, affinity, etc. — of matter. We are far from being acquainted with their character, but at least we see the source from which they spring: the universe where matter is “born” from energy.
Outside the forces plainly inherent to matter that we have considered, there are two — electricity and solar heat — whose origins remain unknown, and for which we can find an explanation in the theory of intra-atomic energy and inter-cosmic energy, the cradle of the intra-atomic energy.
When we study in detail the facts on which their theories are based, we find that electricity is one of the most constant manifestations of the dissociation of matter. Matter being nothing else but cosmic energy itself, it may be said that to dissociate matter is simply to liberate a little of the intra-atomic energy throughout the universe and to oblige it to take another form. Electricity is precisely one of these forms.
Throughout the years the role of electricity has constantly grown in importance. It is at the base of all chemical reactions; it is a universal force, and one must connect all other forms with it. That a force with the manifestation importance and universality of electricity should have remained unknown for thousands of years constitutes one of the most striking examples of apathy in the history of science, and is one of those facts we must always bear in mind when attempting to understand how we may be surrounded by other powerful forces without fully realizing their existence. Power from the cosmos, Radiant Energy, is another similar example.
For centuries all that was known about electricity could be reduced to this: certain resinous substances when rubbed together attract light bodies. Could not other bodies enjoy the same property? By extending the friction to larger surfaces might not more intense effects be produced? This was the one question to pose. However, ages passed before a mind arose penetrating enough to ask it — one inquisitive enough to test by experiment whether a body with a large surface when rubbed would exercise an action superior in energy to that produced by a small fragment of the same body. From this simple verification, which took centuries to accomplish, emerges the frictional electric machine and the phenomena it produces. Why not now let this phenomenon emerge from the oscillations of the universe and put into the hands of man a power which he thought the Gods alone possessed?
Electricity was once produced laboriously and was considered a very exceptional phenomenon. Now we find it everywhere and know that the simple contact of two heterogeneous bodies suffices to generate it. The difficulty now is not how to produce electricity, but how to prevent the production of unwanted electricity. The falling of a drop of water, the heating of a gaseous mass by the sun, the raising of the temperature of twisted wires, the burning of a match — any action capable of modifying the nature of a body generates electricity.
If all chemical reactions are electrical reactions, as is now proven to be the case — if the sun cannot change the temperature of a body without disengaging electricity, if a drop ofwater cannot fall without its manifestation — it is evident that electricity’s role in all forms of life must be preponderant. This, in fact, is what the world is beginning to admit. Not a single change takes place in the cells of the body, no vital reaction is effected in the tissues, without the intervention of electricity. M. Berthelot showed the important roles of the electric tension to which plants are constantly subjected. The variations in the electric potential of the atmosphere are enormous, since they may oscillate between 600 and 800 volts in fine weather, and rise to 15,000 volts at the least fall of rain. This potential increases at the rate of from 20 to 30 volts per meter of height in clear weather or from 400 to 500 volts in rainy weather at the same elevation. “These figures,” Berthelot said, “give an idea of the potential which exists either between the upper point of a rod of which the other extremity is earthed, or between the top of a plant or a tree, and the layer of air in which that point or that top is bathed.” M. Berthelot also proved that the effluvia generated by these differences of tension can provoke numerous chemical reactions — the fixation of nitrogen on hydrates of carbon, the dissociation of carbonic acid into carbonic oxide and oxygen, etc. Why go back to these scientists of yesteryear? Only to show that much we are doing today does not originate with the atomic age! There were thinkers before our day. After having established the phenomenon of the general dissociation of matter, let us ask ourselves if the universal electricity, the origin of which remains unexplained, is not precisely the consequence of the universal displacement of matter. Experiments fully verify this hypothesis, and they prove that electricity is one of the most important forms of intra-atomic energy liberated by the displacement of matter. The various methods to obtain electricity, notably friction; only hasten the. dissociation of matter. Now let us turn to vibratory oscillations of the universe.
* Geometric Dynamics, by JA. Wheeler, printed by Academic Press of New York and London.
* “Neutrino Structure of the Ether”, by M. Ruderfer, Dimensions, Inc., Hempstead, N. Y. “Lettere Al Nuovo Cimento”. Vol. 13, N.1 ,3 March, 1975.
* An Outline of Atomic Physics,” by members of the Physic’s Staff, University of Pittsburgh; 2nd edition, 1942.
* The Evolution of Matter, by Gustave LeBon
* ibid.
* Let us here remind the reader that this theory was first given to the world by Henry Moray as early as 1914 and 1926 and was first published in printed book form in 1931.
* Compare this to Questioni Di Fisica Moderna, Vol. 1, Geometrodynamics, V.A. Wheeler, Academic Press, 1962.
* Lecons d’electricite,” Janet, 2nd edition, p. 2 and 5
Sea of Energy in Which the Earth Floats - Chapter Selection
Chapter 10 – Capture Of Energy By Resonance
The Sea Of Energy In Which The Earth Floats
Chapter 08 – Reactions By Electron Excitation
The Sea Of Energy In Which The Earth Floats
